Federal Grants

Federal grants are defined by the U.S. government as an award of assistance for the purpose of “support or stimulation.” These grants are different than individual benefits or entitlements (e.g., Social Security, food stamps, disability, cash assistance, etc). Benefits information can be accessed through the Benefits.gov portal.

The U.S. government awards over 1,000 different grant programs through 26 different federal agencies. The largest proportion of federal grants (90%), which are referred to as “categorical” grants, must be used for a specific purpose. These grants are either awarded directly to the state and local government, who then use the grant or re-grant it to local organizations, businesses, and individuals.

As stated by the U.S. government on Grants.gov, Federal grants are mostly available to:

Government Bodies (State, local, Native American Tribal)
Education (schools, colleges, universities)
Public Housing Authorities
Non-Profits
For-Profit Businesses
Small Businesses who meet industry size criteria
Individuals

Federal grants to individuals are extremely limited. Usually they are available for higher education grants, fellowships, research and scholarly activity.

The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) prints and publishes online every federal grant opportunity available. This catalog is over 2,800 pages long and does not link a reader to the grant announcements. Therefore, Grants.gov is a more efficient way of finding grant opportunities.

Grants.gov not only advertises grant opportunities, but is the major portal for applying for federal grants. An individual or organization must register on the site to be able to apply for grants. Crucial steps in registration including acquiring or access the organization’s DUNS number, registering with the Central Contractor Registry (CCR), and establishing an Authorized Organization Representative (AOR).

Individuals may register for Grants.gov, but can only submit applications on their own behalf. There is a registration process that is outlined in tutorials on Grants.gov.

Federal grants are affected by the political and economic climate. Congress approves appropriations to federal agencies, which may result in delays or cuts. The U.S. government has a fiscal year from October 1 - September 30, which may affect the timing of award announcements and disbursements.

Anyone winning a federal grant must adhere to several regulations regarding use, financial administration, and reporting on the funds. The White House’s Office on Management and Budget (OMB) publishes documents or “circulars” describing policies regarding grants management. A grantee must understand the regulations and violation of them may limit an organization from receiving another federal grant.